Equity Market and Stock Valuation

 

Common Stock Valuation

A share of common stock is more difficult to value in practice than a bond because of three reasons

  1. there’s no promised cash flows are known advanced 事先不知道未來現金流
  2. there’s no maturity 沒有一定到期日
  3. there’s no way to easily observe the rate of return 不容易知道必要報酬率

 

Cash Flows

 

 

Special Cases

Zero-Growth固定股利/零成長模式

A share of common stock in company with a constant dividend.

 

Constant-Growth 固定成長

Dividend for some company always grows at a steady rate.

 

Non-constant Growth 非固定成長模式

Components of the Required

R= Dividend Yield + Capital Gain Yield

Stock Valuation Using Comparable

Price at Time t = Benchmark PE x EPSt

Price at Time t = Benchmark Price-Sale ratio x Sales per Share

 

Some Features of Common and Preferred Stock

Common Stock Features

Shareholder Rights

Shareholders can control the corporation through the right to elect the directors. Directors are elected every year at the annual meeting with the general idea “one share, one vote”. The exact mechanism for electing directors differs from companies. Shares can be voted cumulatively or voted straight.

1.Cumulative Voting累積投票制: shareholders may cast all votes for one member of the board of director.

2.Straight Voting直接投票制: shareholders may cast all votes for each member of the board of director.

Cumulative voting is to permit minority participation累積投票制比較保障少數。The total numbers of vote for cumulative voting is number of shares times the number of directors to be elected. If there are N directors to be elected, 1/(N+1) percent of the stock plus one stock will guarantee you a seat.

 累積投票制指股東大會選舉兩名以上的董事時,股東所持的每一股份擁有與待選董事總人數相等的投票權,股東既可用所有的投票權集中投票選舉一人,也可分散投票選舉數人,按得票多少依次決定董事入選的表決權制度。累積投票制的目的就在於防止大股東利用表決權優勢操縱董事的選舉,矯正“一股一票”表決制度存在的弊端。按這種投票制度,選舉董事時每一股份代表的表決權數不是一個,而是與待選董事的人數相同。股東在選舉董事時擁有的表決權總數,等於其所持有的股份數與待選董事人數的乘積。投票時,股東可以將其表決權集中投給一個或幾個董事候選人,通過這種局部集中的投票方法,能夠使中小股東選出代表自己利益的董事,避免大股東壟斷全部董事的選任。

假設某公司有兩位股東,A股東占70%(70股)的股份,B股東占30%(30股),公司章程規定設5位董事。若採取直線投票制,A股東提名的5位候選人每人可以得到70票,而B股東提名的候選人每人只能得到30票。在此情況,B的候選人將無一入選董事會。而在累計投票制中,每一股都可代表一個表決權,從理論上來說,A股東可以促成3名候選人當選,B股東則有2名。此時A有350張選票(70乘5),B有150(30乘5)。假如B足夠聰明,他至少可以有一名代言人入選董事會。在B將150張選票都投給自己的一名候選人的情況下,A是無法阻止B的候選人入選的。A必須十分小心的使用自己的350張選票才能確保自己的4位候選人當選。如果A不能明智地使用選票,他很可能只能保證自己的3位候選人或者更少的人入選。(MBAlib)

Proxy Voting代理投票

A grant of authority by a shareholder allowing another individual to vote his or her shares.

Other Rights

1.依比例領取股利2.結清負債後依比例分配剩餘

preemptive right優先購買權

Dividends:股利

1.Unless declared by the board of directors, it’s not a liability.

2.The payment of dividend is not an expanse.

3.Dividend received by individual shareholders are taxable.

Preferred Stock Features 特別股

Stated Value

特別股有一個給定的價值

Cumulative and Noncumulative Dividends

累積股利、非累積股利

通常為累積股利,arrearage累積未付額於之後普通股股利發放前發放。

The Stock Market

Dealer and Brokers

Dealer自營商and Brokers經紀商,dealer is an agent who buys and sells securities from inventory. Brokers is agent who arranges securities transactions among investors.

Organization of the NYSE

Member

在NYSE裡面交易,首先你要有執照,這執照的價格曾經在2005年達到400萬美元。

在紐交所裡面,除了電子交易的證券外,主要仰賴三種不同的持有人,DMMs 指定造市者,floor broker樓層經紀商,SLPs補充流動性提供者。DMMs 指定造市者是NYSE當中的自營商,floor broker樓層經紀商則提供買賣訂單服務,SLPs則是只提供買或賣單邊。

NASDAQ

Difference NASDAQ and NYSE

NASDAQ只有網路沒有實體位置。高科技公司為主的Nasdaq市場,採用其「全國證券商自動報價系統」為名。比起NYSE,Nasdaq只成立28年,就已有5500多支股票,但多半是小型股本的科技或網路公司。

Nasdaq其實在美國就是所謂的「店頭市場」(Over-the-counter,OTC),NYSE因為歷史較為悠久,因此市場較成熟,上市條件也較為嚴格,能上市者都是特別績優的公司,歷史悠久的財星五百大企業大多都在紐約證交所掛牌。

Business Finance – Equity Market and Stock Valuation
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